In the last days of the Biden administration in January 2025, EPA published its Draft Risk Assessment for PFOA and PFOS, leaving state regulators, the public, municipalities, and biosolids recycling companies to figure out the practical implications of EPA’s draft conclusions. Over 25,000 individuals and organizations submitted comments on the Draft Risk Assessment, with many pointing out the widespread misunderstanding of EPA’s use of the one ppb figure and the major errors in the Draft, correctly predicting possible state and local government misinterpretation of the one ppb figure. EPA also has recognized the problem and indicated that interim guidance, sought by biosolids generators and contractors, is forthcoming.